Quote:
Originally Posted by Monkey Banana
Well Named, thanks for the thoughtful post.
I don't know whether you'd agree that the following is an interesting idea to come out of what you said....
I believe that in a patriarchy, "woman" is best understood as "not man" (I'm not saying that's desirable; I'm saying it's how the concept is built). But in any case, women distinguish themselves from men in various ways, and in all cultures they are quite distinct -- clothing, hair styling, manners of speech and so on. And of course, their bodies are typically different from men's, but in this context I don't think that's actually crucial.
However, part of the feminist revolution was to make clear that women did not have to be constrained, certainly did not have to be "not men". You'll recall the great hilarity straights felt over "wimmin". But the intention was clear enough.
But if you say that a woman does not have to perform the gender of woman, you are left asking in that case what a woman is? What makes them women if not the performance of womanhood? Surely you have to look at shared experience, shared realities of the body and so on....
So I'm wondering how one resolves what seems to be a conflict between our urging women to free themselves from the constraints of an imposed performative gender -- that they could do what they wished and not what 'women do' because they are women regardless what they do -- and a retrenchment to a form of gender essentialism.
I've read a few feminist works that discuss the idea of woman as "other" (not man), and I agree that it's an interesting and fruitful lens through which to approach certain problems that feminists are interested in, especially having to do with identity and what it means to say that culture is "patriarchal" beyond describing differences in socio-political power. It's basically a way of encapsulating the point that so much of the content of socially enforced gender boundaries (both for men and women) has been dictated by men, who in so doing encoded their own masculine self-consciousness, often excluding the self-consciousness of women in large part.
It's also the case that feminists, in grappling with problems of identity and "womanhood", and also under the influence of various post-modernist ideas and spurred on by complaints from black, latina, and other non-white women, have written extensively about the intellectual problem of defining "woman" in such a way that there can be a feminism which can claim to speak for women as a group. Obviously "shared biology" isn't much of a basis for group solidarity on a lot of issues. "Shared experience" only goes so far, as black feminists are apt to point out. I've read at least one book and a few articles, mostly from the 90s, that discuss this. So the first thing I'd say is that it's worth noticing that this problem goes beyond questions about trans identities.
I don't know that there's a simple and obvious intellectual answer to the dilemma, but I think practically speaking it can be useful to distinguish feminism as a social movement or an attempt to accomplish change politically from some kind of anthropology or sociology of gender. I think it has made sense for feminists to frame some of their attempts at consciousness-raising around existing and shared cultural values. It's a question of finding a message that resonates with your target audience, and individualism, self-determination, and universal human rights are values that westerners mostly already understand and appreciate. The intellectual project of building a coherent framework of concepts around sex and gender is not necessarily as politically important.
However, anthropologically, I would also read the attempt by feminists to free women "from the constraints of an imposed performative gender" more as an attempt to change the constraints, rather than eliminate them entirely, or to render identification as "woman" moot. It's not clear to me that the idea of a society in which there are no gender categories, or no socially enforced constraints based in gender, is even coherent or possible, for either men or women. But I think they can be made more egalitarian, less patriarchal, etc. But the fact that human behavior is regulated through all sorts of social norms is a pretty fundamental aspect of human life, I think. And given the clear (if complex) relationship between biology, gender categories and sexual orientation categories, I doubt that "gender" as a vehicle for social norms can be eliminated. I don't think most cis-women perceive a real conflict between being in favor of challenging traditional norms and maintaining a sense of gender identity, and of course some part of that basic identification is tied to biology. The argument is not against being identified as women.
I also think that trans activists are involved in a similar project of political and cultural change as feminists. Politically, they can make similar appeals to universal human rights, individual self-determination, and non-discrimination. Which is mostly not problematic. The difference, in regard to identity, is that trans activists in western cultures with two gender categories face a more fundamental challenge in regard to gender identity. It's not just a question of challenging norms, but of creating a gender identity that is socially recognized and treated as valuable where none now exists. Feminists didn't have to first convince their audience that they were women. They only had to convince them that traditional ideas about what "being a woman" meant were unjust. Trans people don't have that luxury, and this is where the issues you've identified arise.
I don't think that I can provide an adequate resolution to those issues. Nor is it up to me of course, and I am well aware that I should check my own cis-het-white-dude-privilege. That said, my musings about hijras or "two-spirit" gender categories reflect an idea that I have: that ultimately the search, most fundamentally, is for a socially legitimate and valuable identity. That may often be expressed as a desire to be seen "as a woman", or "as a man", but I think it seems reasonable to understand that specific expression as reflecting the underlying cultural realities. The implicit premise is that the only way to have a legitimate identity is to be either the one (woman) or the other (man). But what if that were not so? If my generalization is reasonable, than it seems to me in the long term that the more socially stable way to arrive at a culture which accepts trans people fully is not to try to completely eliminate the connection between biology and gender so as to render moot all possible distinctions between cis and trans women, or cis and trans men. Instead, expanding our notions of gender to allow for the distinctions on a fully equal basis makes more sense to me.
But, as I said, this doesn't happen by fiat, so it's not surprising to me that these tensions exist and will continue to exist. As long as trans people perceive that society demands that they be either men or women, it's hard to blame them for wanting to be identified with the group they identify with. In many situations that's completely unproblematic. In the situations where it does cause tensions, I think the best advice may be simply to ask people to try to listen to each other and find workable compromises.
Last edited by well named; 07-04-2017 at 01:58 AM.