For reasons unknown to me, my entire computer's data has been wiped. All my excel spreadsheets containing everything from poker data, finance, to karaoke lists are all gone. Some programs I made in C++ are gone as well.

Luckily for me I wrote down most of the important stuff and kept other secure things offline, but a lot of this stuff that I'm just remembering is kind of important.

I don't know exactly what happened. My computer was up and running then there was a blue screen. (Not the blue screen of death), but this thingy telling me there was an error with something hexadecimal. I can't remember what it was. It gave me options of restarting the computer. It didn't fix the problem.

I clicked on additional options and listed was restore your computer from an earlier date listing two days ago. So I clicked on that and it still didn't work. Then I did some Lenovo thing that looks at a picture from one of the files on your computer and restores the data. (Not sure what this means, perhaps this is where I ****ed up). It got my computer working, but it wiped everything. I'm pretty sure it reinstalled windows 10.

It seems really weird, one moment my computer is completely fine then windows is like "Oh, something went wrong, but we don't know what it is. Error code 0x000000277" or something like that.

What could have happened? Is there any way of restoring my data or am I ****ed?

See if you've got a Windows.old folder in your C drive. If so your stuff might be there. If not I guess you've formatted which means everything's gone.

The explanation for what seems weird is your mention of "some Lenovo thing that looks at a picture from one of the files on your computer and restores the data". Pretty sure you misunderstood a reference to a disk image. This is not a picture in the traditional sense. Instead it's effectively a full copy of what was on the disk at the time it was taken. You almost certainly instructed the machine to write a restore image (i.e. the disk image from when the computer was new, before you added data etc) due to some corruption of the operating system.

As the Imp said, look for a Windows.old. But I fear you may be out of luck.

All of this probably sounds a bit unsympathetic (I can imagine it must be horrible to lose that data, and hope you recover it) but in the further interests of educating so it is less likely to happen in future to you or others:

• It sounds as though you did experience a BSOD (otherwise known as a stop error). Not sure why you say it wasn't one.
  
• Did you have any kind of backup strategy in place? I imagine not, since you don't mention it, but if you did there may be things you can do to recover stuff. Anything synced to the cloud, for example?

Try to check both c and d drive, maybe you still have your data there but there's no assurance. I guess you would have to pay $100-200 to retrieve those files if you will ask a professionals help.

Still might be on the drive if you didn't write it over (you wrote over the windows installation, the files might be in a different castle, so to speak, or a different area other than where your image reinstalled)

Try piriform's recuva:
https://www.ccleaner.com/recuva/download