For others looking to do this, a USB to SATA cable is your friend here (assuming you're going from 2.5" SATA drive to m.2 or a different 2.5" SATA drive)
Amazon link for Startech cable
There are a few external NVME m.2 enclosures on the market now that would be suitable for cloning from one NVME m.2 to another, though I haven't personally used one and they run about $50. A bit pricey but it does give you the option of using your old m.2 as a very fast USB drive. Otherwise restoring a backup from your USB backup drive or NAS is the alternative to a clean reimage.
Make a backup image of your system (bad things happen from time to time, have a regular cold backup plan)
Pull the SATA drive, install m.2, boot to UBCD or other USB bootable image with disk cloning tool.
Connect SATA drive to USB to SATA cable, connect USB to SATA cable to computer.
Clone old drive to new drive.
Shutdown computer and disconnect old drive.
Boot computer to new drive, confirm it works.
While in OS, connect 2.5" drive/USB to SATA cable back to the computer.
Disk should come back up and be visible in file explorer, hidden/boot partitions won't be visible here.
OP, this should be the part you need to reuse the old disk in the way you expect. The built-in DiskPart utility allows you to delete, create and manage partitions from the commandline. If you want a GUI, I believe the go to used to be Partition Magic which I think is paid software.
Warning: Diskpart can delete partitions from your disks and render them unreadable or the system unbootable if you use the wrong command. Be absolutely sure you have the correct disk selected and are taking the action you think you are.
Diskpart Tutorial, jump to clean and format USB drive