Quote:
Originally Posted by goofyballer
Can you elaborate on what this means to non-lawyers?
I actually intended to, but I after I started posting something came up and I had to leave the computer.
What standard a court uses when reviewing a given law is a huge part of constitutional law. When a court reviews the constitutionality of a given law, the laws are generally reviewed under one of three tests--rational basis review, intermediate scrutiny, and strict scrutiny. Generally, laws reviewed under rational basis are upheld because it's such a low standard to meet--the standard definition is that a law will be upheld if it is "rationally related to any legitimate governmental interest." "Rationally related" is easy to meet because the law doesn't have to even be a good way to uphold a certain policy; the law can be a very, very inefficient way to further a policy, but if it furthers that policy/government interest, it's satisfied. And by "legitimate governmental interest," essentially anything that the government can legislate over. (For states, health, morals, safety, etc.) And the governmental interest can be
hypothetical--that's why it's "any" governmental interest. Even if the law wasn't actually passed to further that actual interest, but you can argue after the fact that the law furthers/is related to that interest, that will satisfy the test. So, overbroad, overinclusive, underinclusive, inefficient laws will be upheld as long as they are related (however tenuously) to some hypothetical interest the government can legitimately legislate.
One famous case of rational basis scrutiny resulting in a law being struck down is
Romer v. Evans, a case where an amendment to the Colorado state constitution essentially prohibited any branch of the Colorado government from passing any law/ordinance/policy/etc. that would treat homosexuals as having a "minority" status or that would protect them from discrimination based on being a homosexual. The Supreme Court said that the interest the amendment furthered was basically animus toward a particular group of people. (It said a lot of things but this is one of them.) Animus toward a group just because they are different isn't a legitimate interest, the Court said.
(Without getting too much into things, some commentators have noticed that the Court will often use a more stringent version of the rational basis test, while still referring to it as rational basis. For instance, Colorado's stated justification wasn't actually "We just don't like teh gays,"--that was the court's own analysis.)
If you followed the "State senator denied service" thread, you might've noticed some people bringing up the phrase "protected class." Protected classes is an equal protection concept. Law discriminating against protected classes get either strict scrutiny (laws based on race and alienage, for example) or intermediate scrutiny (laws based on gender). The vast majority of laws that classify ("discriminate") are reviewed using rational basis (laws referring only to, e.g., drivers, businesses, children, married couples, etc.). Homosexuals are not a protected class, so laws classifying them are reviewed using rational basis, which puts homosexuals at a huge disadvantage when challenging laws.
A class of people are entitled to "protection" (a higher standard of review for laws classifying/discriminating against them) essentially because of a history of discrimination against them. Another phrase for these people are "suspect classes" because, historically, laws have discriminated against them, so new laws are "suspect." The only classes subject to strict scrutiny are race, alienage, and national origin. There are only two "quasi-suspect" classes getting intermediate review--gender and illegitimate children. Strict scrutiny is nearly impossible to pass, intermediate scrutiny is tough but not impossible.