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Originally Posted by cero_dinero
How exactly are takeoffs and landings scheduled with ATC? Do they have a schedule that you have to sign up for/ be on in advance? Especially as a smaller plane that is leaving between bigger flights can you just radio yourself into the queue?
I don't really know the particulars of this topic, but the larger airports (JFK, ORD, ATL, etc) have agreements with the various airlines about the number (and perhaps times) of their departures. I'm not really sure how they allocate these, but it seems they can be bartered among airlines. I know that in 2010 we are giving USAirways our Marine Air Terminal at LGA and in return we get their main terminal area and additional departure slots.
Pilots and controllers are not involved with this aspect of the business and we just call them when we're ready to go. The controllers aren't checking any list to see if we're authorized or scheduled to go; they simply respond to the radio call and expedite the traffic.
For light aircraft, it used to be that you could just call and get put in the queue, but it presented some sequencing problems for controllers because of the greatly slower approach speeds for a light airplane. After landing, you will be assessed a landing fee and I have no idea what that is these days. In the 80's a landing at BOS might cost $50 and they had a fee schedule based on size of the aircraft. I think today you may have to schedule your arrival ahead of time, but I haven't been in that loop for some time. (BTW, the airlines pay landing fees too, but I don't know what they are.)
In the 80s I used Dulles for free all the time in a light airplane. It might be different now with the greatly increased traffic at that airport.
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What's the most serious things that can go wrong with a plane midair and still have it able to fly? About what would go wrong to be the breaking point where you are like, "Oh ****, we're screwed."
The most serious things that could go wrong are midair collisions and fire/smoke. Both can be catastrophic in short order and may defy any skill the pilot brings to the table.
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I'm assuming landing in the nearest airport ASAP would be your next step but what if that was not possible for example you are over the Atlantic or your plane's landing gear wouldn't pop out?
Over the Atlantic you proceed to your nearest divert field, which may be up to 3 hours away for the 767 on one engine (up to 3:40 for a 777). [See a previous post about ETOPS, which explains divert capabilities and criteria.]
If the gear won't extend, you're going to be making a gear up landing. With wing mounted engines, this could be a problem (not sure...we never even discuss or train for this). A very unlikely scenario however, as we have procedures for the manual extension of the gear. Post "landing" fire is the biggest danger here.
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About how much can a tank of gas hold and what is a typical MPG for say a small plane and also a big commercial? About how much do you fill up with in relation to what is needed for the flight?
The 19 seat turboprop I used to fly (J-32) held about 3200 lbs of fuel, which is about 480 gallons. The 767 can hold around 140,000 lbs (21,000 gallons). [Actually, I'm guessing a little at the full fuel load and I should know that but I don't and I also don't have a manual handy, so it's a ballpark figure.]
In cruise, the 767 will use just under 12,000 lbs per hour, or 1800 gallons per hour (half a gallon per second). We will be doing a true airspeed of around 450 kts, give or take a little. So to get mileage, figure 450 nm/1800 gallons or about 1/4 miles per gallon. (Check my math, I just did that as I type this.) Sounds pretty low, but figure you're moving over 200 people.
[DISCLAIMER: These are all rough estimates, but they should be the right order of magnitude.]
You also asked about mileage for a light aircraft. My Grumman Yankee burned about 7 gallons/hr and had a true airspeed of about 110 kts -- about 16 mpg.
My Piper Arrow burned about 10 gallons/hour and had a true airspeed of 140 kts -- about 14 mpg. [Again, ballpark figures.]