Foldndark, I've read a lot of broad sweep history books, and from every angle that I look at it, the Enlightenment is a truly exceptional outlier event / seismic shift in history.
There are other big huge changes, of course, for example 1453 is a year of great change when the Ottomans take Constantinople and Mehmed II inadvertently triggers the Renaissance (scholars flee to Italy -> Copernicus, Silk Road closed forcing traders to use sea rather than road -> Columbus)
But the changes that come after The Enlightenment make that seem like small fry. I think the last set of changes of that scale and significance for humans would have been right back when hunter-gatherer tribes first developed agriculture.
Everything shoots up after the Enlightenment: technology, population, wealth, health, productivity, everything. Every metric, through the roof. It is the first time in history in which a real, genuine, meaningful gap emerges between the East and West. This has been called "The European Miracle":
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_European_Miracle
I have long been fascinated by this.
Jared Diamond, Germs, Guns, and Steel has one answer (geography)
David Landes, The Wealth and Poverty of Nations has another one (culture)
Ian Morris, Why the West Rules -- For Now has a third (mostly geography but also some culture)
What's the real breakthrough? I think back to when Haidt talks about the development of WEIRD people, and wonder if it is actually just that. This is basically Landes's thesis too.
He argues, for example, that you can draw a direct correlation between the economy of a nation and how it treats its women.
It's clearly some combination of:
- geography
- Protestant work ethic
- capitalism
- science
- individualism
And (more controversially):
- empire
One thing that I'm musing on though is ... given all of this, why should it be the case that people have become more compassionate over time in this general mode of being (eg in Western capitalism)?
Why did this way of thinking invariably lead to what Haidt calls "WEIRD"?
It's puzzling and certainly not a given. I'd include in this:
- ending slavery (people tend to think only of black slaves sent to Americas, but EVERY civilisation kept slaves, the Islamic ones especially)
- universal suffrage (for men)
- women's rights
- rights of property ownership for everyone
- eventually gay rights
None of these things necessarily or inevitably had to happen. And in other cultures these developments either don't seem like they have happened or will happen unless imported by western powers.
I actually think it's a great mystery how and why these things came about. As in, what gave the impetus for them in the first place? What drove them? And why did these things ONLY happen in the conditions created after the Enlightenment?
Huge question, I know, but it's something to ponder. I think it is really overlooked what a massive, massive outlier we are in this present moment to the rest of history. In terms of our values, our outlook, and virtually everything.