I think my image might be a bit weak at the table. I have passed on a lot of button steals.

I am not running a HUD due to mass tabling for 65 billion. Assuming the villains are all good regs so I'm not really getting out of line.

Villain has no two pair combos so it's pretty much a set that called OOP or nothing? I'm not sure whether I'm supposed to call down or just fold because he can't really be bluffing...

Later I check HUD and he is 30/24 with 14.3% 3b, 17% AF over 33 hands.

Poker Stars $2/$4 No Limit Hold'em - 5 players -
DeucesCracked Poker Videos Hand History Converter

SB: $429.80
BB: $415.40
UTG: $429.20
Hero (CO): $396.00
BTN: $414.70

Pre Flop: ($6.00) Hero is CO with Q K
1 fold, Hero raises to $10, 1 fold, SB calls $8, 1 fold

Flop: ($24.00) K 9 2 (2 players)
SB checks, Hero bets $15, SB calls $15

Turn: ($54.00) 6 (2 players)
SB checks, Hero bets $36, SB raises to $100, Hero?

Is villain capable of doing this with a flopped set on a 2-club board with a possible gutter/OESD?

I think this can easily be something like 87 or 6x. Does he really play a flopped set like this on the board from hell?