Question 6: History
Which of these corporations reached the greatest level of market capitalization (the value of its stock or other ownership interests) in real terms (i.e., comparable-value dollars or euros or whatever) at its peak?
A. British East India Company
D1iabol1cal (via rand A/B)
B. Dutch East India Company
ibavly
True North
C. South Sea Company
D. Standard Oil
I could have made this one a lot harder (see below), but as it is it seems to have been tough enough as it did split our remaining players.
Let's dispense with
Standard Oil (D) first. Of the monopolies of the robber baron, industrial revolution days, John D Rockefeller's Standard Oil was the biggest with a market capitalization that peaked at about $1 trillion in today's dollars. (For comparison, the GNP — roughly, the value of the entire economy — of the United States in 2015 was $18 trillion)
I was a bit disappointed nobody chose the
South Sea Company (C). It's not as if I can point to the tremendous scope of the company's operations, since it never actually did anything at all. But the South Sea bubble, as the height of speculation in the Company's fortunes is now known, was one of the world's first and still most impressive examples of investors' enthusiasm (and a fair amount of bad behavior — the whole story is fascinating and I wish I could relate even a tiny fraction of it) overwhelming rationality. This company held a government-issued monopoly on trade between Britain and South America, which sounds pretty big until you realize that at the time, Spain controlled South America and there therefore was no such trade. At all. The company therefore never had any source of income but that didn't stop the pump-and-dump scheme (which involved some high government muckety-mucks), which eventually (albeit briefly — the stock reached a peak of about £1000 a share less than a year after it had been selling at £100 a share) ran the company's valuation up to about $6 trillion in real terms, which was more, by the way, than the total valuation of the entire British economy at the time.
The company lived on in some form for another century but it never really amounted to much and those who'd invested their fortunes, lost them. Oops.
That leaves us with the East India Companies. The largest was the Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC, hence the logo on the coin pictured above). That's
Dutch East India Company (B) to us. Why exactly it was so much larger (by a factor of more than ten) than the
British East India Company (A) in peak market capitalization seems to be less because the Dutch company focused on trade or high-value stuff (spices) while the British company got bogged down in governing the Indian subcontinent, and more because of stock speculation — the Dutch company's market peak of about $10 trillion in today's terms was related, in a way I admit I don't fully understand, to the company's stake in the tulip craze, which in turn was another of those classic textbook examples of a market run amok.
Anyway, the answer is B.
I could have made it a ton harder by telling you that the Dutch East India Company was tops and then asking for number two. The answer to that wouldn't have been any of the companies I listed, but rather the Mississippi Company, whose market capitalization peaked about $8 trillion real despite it, like the South Sea Company, never doing anything at all, as it was founded to control trade between France and the Louisiana Territory before there was any such trade. As with South Sea, the fact that i had no source of revenue didn't prevent some people from making a ton of money on it and others from losing exactly as much. Maybe the Tesla phenomenon isn't so remarkable at all.
Caveat emptor, y'all.